libera/##covid-19/ Thursday, 2021-03-25

BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: Facebook bans 1.3 billion accounts while trying to combat fake news about COVID-19 → https://is.gd/cNBC4e00:14
de-factoEMA website is broken00:26
de-factocant login anymore00:26
de-factoaccount management says its active. wtf.00:29
de-factothey claim "Error:Incorrect user name and/or password. Please try again" which is a lie because i can login with exactly those into my account management where everything looks fine.00:33
de-factoi guess their IT is broken00:34
BrainstormNew from The Lancet (Online): [Correspondence] Gender, race, and health workers in the COVID-19 pandemic: The Editors1 correctly highlighted the situation the health workforce is in, and how it is facing “serious harms to their physical and mental wellbeing while trying to deliver quality care” during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the health [... want %more?] → https://is.gd/21OFJ300:35
BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: China is trying to pressure governments in South America to adopt pro-CCP political positions in exchange for the vaccine → https://is.gd/9IiX0U00:45
BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: Brazil's Coronavirus Death Count Surpasses 300,000 → https://is.gd/9BOxte01:06
BrainstormNew from BBC Health: (news): Middle-aged women 'worst affected by long Covid', studies find → https://is.gd/SZ7rl701:27
BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: EU proposes vaccine controls as 'raid' in Italy uncovers millions of AstraZeneca doses → https://is.gd/Mj2TWl01:58
BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: Canada adds blood clot warning to AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine → https://is.gd/Qbaqsa02:28
BrainstormNew from Reddit (test): COVID19: AZD1222 US Phase III primary analysis confirms safety and efficacy → https://is.gd/qNruSJ03:09
BrainstormNew from StatNews: Breaking News: Pushing back against U.S. health officials, AstraZeneca says new analysis confirms efficacy of its Covid-19 vaccine → https://is.gd/AEuMh103:30
BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: Merkel says British coronavirus variant more dangerous to children → https://is.gd/adYkxB04:01
BrainstormNew from Politico: It’s a bird! It’s a plane! It’s Emmanuel Macron.: French president's advisers portray their leader as a superhero bravely battling the coronavirus. Sometimes. → https://is.gd/V0pYSH04:12
BrainstormNew from Ars Technica: Science: After dramatic rebuke, AstraZeneca lowers vaccine efficacy estimate—a little → https://is.gd/lEYK7R05:15
LjLde-facto, lol this is ridiculous, look at the AZ news above. now it's 76%. are they bargaining on efficacy or something? "okay we won't say 79% anymore, but 74% is too low, what about 76%?"05:15
BrainstormNew from The Indian Express: World: How Much Did We Gain During Lockdowns? 2 Pounds a Month, Study Hints → https://is.gd/cHY7mH06:18
BrainstormNew from The Indian Express: World: Free with your Covid shot: Beer, arcade tokens and Krispy Kreme doughnuts → https://is.gd/D6wifR06:39
BrainstormNew from The Indian Express: World: AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine 76% effective in updated US trial results → https://is.gd/dALRYQ06:50
BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: Study finds 11 new coronavirus variants in Brazil, puting the world on alert as the country refuses to do a national lockdown to avoid new cases and mutations. → https://is.gd/HOvcJP07:33
BrainstormNew from r/Coronavirus: Daily Discussion Thread | March 25, 2021: Please refer to our Wiki for more information on COVID-19 and our sub. You can find answers to frequently asked questions in our FAQ , where there is valuable information such as our: → https://is.gd/D3AVum08:04
BrainstormNew from EMA: What's new: Medicine: Human medicines European public assessment report (EPAR): Hexacima, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component), hepatitis B (rDNA), poliomyelitis (inactivated) and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed), Hepatitis B,Tetanus,Immunization,Meningitis, Haemophilus,Whooping [... want %more?] → https://is.gd/S2uJN309:29
BrainstormNew from StatNews: After U.S. failures on Covid, Congress is working to prepare America to fight the next pandemic: SCOOP: Congress is gearing up to work on legislation to prevent the next pandemic, and a former top Trump health official is returning to the Hill to help make it… → https://is.gd/VTLHon09:41
BrainstormNew from StatNews: Opinion: Biden should use emergency powers to license Covid-19 vaccine technologies to the WHO for global access: By licensing Covid-19 vaccine technologies to the WHO's Covid-19 Technology Access Pool, President Biden would bring American leadership to the world stage, avert catastrophe, promote justice, and protect his fellow… → https://is.gd/GD5sJx09:52
BrainstormNew from Medical Xpress: AstraZeneca confirms strong vaccine protection after US rift: AstraZeneca insisted Wednesday that its COVID-19 vaccine is strongly effective even after counting additional illnesses in its disputed U.S. study, the latest in an extraordinary public rift with American officials. → https://is.gd/ASpyoy10:02
BrainstormNew from EMA: What's new: Medicine: Veterinary medicines European public assessment report (EPAR): Nobilis Influenza H5N2, adjuvanted inactivated vaccine against avian influenza virus type A, subtype H5, Date of authorisation: 01/09/2006, Revision: 8, Status: Authorised → https://is.gd/PrHaOU10:13
BrainstormNew from EMA: What's new: Medicine: Human medicines European public assessment report (EPAR): Hexyon, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component), hepatitis B (rDNA), poliomyelitis (inactivated) and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed), Hepatitis B,Tetanus,Immunization,Meningitis, Haemophilus,Whooping [... want %more?] → https://is.gd/1JV6WM10:35
BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: AstraZeneca plant inspected by Italian police at EU's request → https://is.gd/gGJ14V10:46
BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: Poor legislation and pandemic fatigue will make Poland's new lockdown hard to enforce → https://is.gd/sPvuSU10:56
BrainstormNew from Medical Xpress: Scientists find evidence that novel coronavirus infects the mouth's cells: An international team of scientists has found evidence that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, infects cells in the mouth. While it's well known that the upper airways and lungs are primary sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are clues the [... want %more?] → https://is.gd/EkLGtQ11:07
BrainstormNew from BMJ: Remote management of covid-19 using home pulse oximetry and virtual ward support: What you need to knowPulse oximeters used at home can detect hypoxia associated with acute covid-19Home oximetry requires clinical support, such as regular phone contact from a health professional in... → https://is.gd/ncBgdM11:29
BrainstormNew from Scientific American: Hidden Toll of COVID in Africa Threatens Global Pandemic Progress: Kenya and other African countries are reporting relatively few COVID cases, but studies suggest that the continent’s true burden of disease may be undercounted. → https://is.gd/Rwivgw12:01
BrainstormNew from Politico: Coronavirus: Coronavirus outbreak interrupts Dutch coalition talks → https://is.gd/tMKt3a12:45
BrainstormNew from The Indian Express: World: Supply isn’t the only thing stymying Europe’s vaccine rollout → https://is.gd/0M3ELt13:07
BrainstormNew from Reddit (test): China_Flu: Beijing must come clean about COVID-19 origins | Opinion → https://is.gd/uHUU5T13:39
BrainstormNew from EMA: What's new: News: COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca – Update on ongoing evaluation of blood clot cases → https://is.gd/hMqti814:12
BrainstormNew from StatNews: Pharma: STAT+: Pharmalittle: AstraZeneca revises Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness; contractors grab a big slice of vaccine revenues → https://is.gd/sETbpw14:23
BrainstormNew from WebMD: States Begin Opening COVID-19 Vaccines to All Adults: Several states are opening COVID-19 vaccine eligibility to all adults in the next week, with more states to follow throughout April. → https://is.gd/Usq91x14:33
-RSSBot[LjLmatrix- Feed: Comunicato stampa del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 9 ( http://www.governo.it/it/articolo/comunicato-stampa-del-consiglio-dei-ministri-n-9/16491 )14:42
BrainstormNew from Medical Xpress: People shun malaria testing over mistaken COVID-19 fears: Fears of contracting COVID-19 are preventing people accessing vital health services, experts say. → https://is.gd/zMvGXE14:55
BrainstormNew from r/WorldNews: worldnews: Coronavirus: Daily Number of Fatalities Hits Record High Once Again → https://is.gd/rNo62715:06
BrainstormNew from Medical Xpress: Many countries that managed the pandemic well had one thing in common: Culture matters more than a leader's gender in how a nation survives a global pandemic, according to a study I conducted on gender and COVID-19 management, which was published in December in the journal PLOS ONE. → https://is.gd/9m0XeO15:17
BrainstormNew from StatNews: HHS is urged to use its patents for the Moderna Covid-19 vaccine to widen global access: Seeking to quickly widen global access to Covid-19 vaccines, academics, and patient advocates are urging the Biden administration to use a key patent owned by the U.S. government to boost… → https://is.gd/NNunme15:28
BrainstormNew from The Indian Express (Health): Fitness: Indians have increased their time spent working out post COVID-19: Survey → https://is.gd/NnOQ6f15:39
BrainstormNew from r/Coronavirus: Coronavirus: [CROSSPOST] AskScience AMA Series: I am Elliott Haut, MD, PhD, FACS, a trauma surgeon from The Johns Hopkins Hospital in the United States. I'm here to talk about all things blood clots, from deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, to COVID-19 and clots. AMA! → https://is.gd/o2Dm5O15:49
BrainstormNew from Politico: EU Confidential #193, presented by the European Training Foundation: Vax attacks — German scandals — Syria conflict: Vaccine exports and Angela Merkel’s lockdown mea culpa are discussed in this episode, as well as what Europe can do to ease suffering in Syria, 10 years after the conflict there began. → https://is.gd/XO1mqL16:00
rpifani dont really get what she apologized about16:09
BrainstormNew from StatNews: Opinion: Shattering the infertility myth: What we know about Covid-19 vaccines and pregnancy: During trying times, myths and falsehoods sprout like mushrooms after rainfall. Covid-19 has generated many around vaccines and pregnancy and infertility. → https://is.gd/3qDKnP16:44
de-factowe will see pretty soon what she apologized about, just give it a little time...16:50
darsieMass infertility would be great.17:08
BrainstormNew from Medical Xpress: Iceland introduces restrictions after UK variant is detected: Gym classes, happy hours and the near-normal life enjoyed so far by the people of Iceland ended abruptly on Thursday, when the government ordered new restrictions after detecting six coronavirus cases believed to be the variant first found in Britain. → https://is.gd/znq9Ir17:16
BrainstormNew from WebMD: COVID Variants Detected in Animals, May Find Hosts in Mice: Several new studies found evidence of infection by coronavirus variants in mice as well as pet dogs and cats. → https://is.gd/TJ6Aia17:27
BrainstormNew from In The Pipeline: Comprehensive Covalent Probe Time: I really enjoyed this new paper on ChemRxiv, a Munich/Michigan/Berkeley  collaboration on reactive covalent groups and their profile across different proteins. There have been a number of papers addressing this subject before, but this one is the most comprehensive one I’ve ever seen, and [... want %more?] → https://is.gd/z8xl5B17:38
ArsaneritCan we put Karl Lauterbach in charge, please?17:40
de-factofull ack17:41
de-factowe would be in a whole other scenario with him in charge17:41
BrainstormNew from Emma Hodcroft: @firefoxx66: R to @firefoxx66: This map-GIF from Oct 2020 - Mar 2021 gives an idea of how the variants of concern (reds & oranges - largest, reddest is 501Y.V1/B.1.1.7) have spread and grown across Europe.(Made from http://nextstrain.org/ncov/europe?f_region=Europe)3/3 → https://is.gd/I0P4Qk18:00
BrainstormNew from ScienceNews: AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 vaccine holds up in an updated analysis of trial data: The redo dropped the overall efficacy of AstraZeneca’s vaccine from 79 percent to 76 percent. But a slight fluctuation is not unexpected, experts say. → https://is.gd/WcNxEV18:11
de-facto.title https://imgur.com/a/vyTJSoc https://i.imgur.com/wuvh32C.png source: https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Projekte_RKI/Nowcasting.html and https://www.intensivregister.de/#/aktuelle-lage/zeitreihen18:16
Brainstormde-facto: From imgur.com: COVID-19 Germany: cases, reproduction and COVID-ICUs - Album on Imgur18:16
LjLde-facto, do you know why Merkel cancelled the "Easter lockdown"? was that also pressure from the länder?18:16
de-factothey claim because "of legal reasons" e.g. they could not introduce a out of order holiday so quickly. i dont buy it though18:18
BrainstormNew from NPR: Rutgers To Require Vaccine Proof For 'All Students Planning To Attend This Fall': The New Jersey school says its new COVID-19 requirement will help it make "a full return to our pre-pandemic normal" on campus. → https://is.gd/MR3htJ18:22
de-factoLjL, me personally i think negotiating with the ministers resulted into a compromise, taking back restrictions in general for doing a hard lockdown during eastern (because it would coincide with many public holidays anyhow). after having agreed upon that for some reason economy lobbyists or lawyers destroyed the easter lockdown too, so now we basically are left with less restrictions than before the meeting, they dont even implement the18:27
de-factopreviously consensus on implementing an emergency break on weekly incidence over 100/100k and leave schools open18:27
de-factonow lawyers are also trying to attack closing of stores etc18:27
de-factothey are destroying everything that is left from containment, piece by piece18:28
de-factoand Merkel knows that, hence imho the real reason for her apology is that she knows this will explode now, and the situation will become very bad. all that we did fight for in the winter so hard is wasted in record time now18:29
de-factobut it seems thats only my private opinion, i am not sure how many Germans would agree with me on that, i think its a huge fail and will result in a disaster18:31
de-factoimho Merkel should create a taskforce of lawyers to minimize attack surface and block any possibility to attack biosecurity18:32
BrainstormNew from StatNews: STAT+: FDA panel says risks of Pfizer pain drug outweigh the benefits: A panel of expert advisers to the Food and Drug Administration concluded that the risks of an investigational pain treatment from Pfizer might outweigh its benefits — likely a major… → https://is.gd/y2VDCN18:33
de-factothen she should consult epidemiologists and base her strategy entirely on their recommendation without any compromise and force ministers to comply and implement that without any further questions18:33
de-factounfortunately the opposite is what is happening right now, nothing is based on any scientific concepts, all is based on politics and lawyers and lobbyist interests18:34
de-factoimho it demonstrates that federalism is a fundamental failing concept, it just does not work in crisis situations at all18:35
de-factoi wish there was one central government in EU and every hierarchy below it only implements their decisions, its the only sane way to have open borders and defend the outside borders by closing them down18:37
BrainstormNew from Reddit (test): Thursday 25 March 2021 Update: submitted by /u/HippolasCage to r/CoronavirusUK → https://is.gd/96ycjL18:46
BrainstormNew from WebMD: Take 10 With Jeffrey Wright: Actor and activist Jeffrey Wright talks about helping frontline workers when coronavirus hit, his art and activism, and more. → https://is.gd/IBrfLE19:27
LjL-MatrixUh, not sure what Matrix is thinking, but Brainstorm only sent that message once19:58
de-factoEU exports over 70M in 33 countries but did not import any from outside of EU20:09
LjLde-facto, is that in the last...? or since the beginning?20:14
de-factoits what they just said in the tv news20:16
de-factoid assume since the beginning20:17
LjLi'd say we're back to roughly the regular usercount20:33
BrainstormNew from Medical Xpress: Michigan sees virus surge, but tighter restrictions unlikely: Michigan, which not long ago had one of the country's lowest COVID-19 infection rates, is confronting an alarming spike that some experts worry could be a harbinger nationally. → https://is.gd/9yHkwD20:40
BrainstormNew from Politico: Merkel perfects the art of the political apology: The German chancellor asked for forgiveness over a bungled plan to lockdown the country over Easter. → https://is.gd/SmSWHR21:10
de-factoyeah hence we need a curfew and hard lockdown sooner, great21:15
de-factoquestion: which country did get B.1.1.7 under control without curfew or hard strict lockdown?21:18
de-factoanswer: no country, why would it be different for Germany? i dont see any reason to assume that.21:19
de-factoconclusion: for each day we tolerate incidence to rise we need more than one day to bring it down to the same value, hence we are wasting a lot of time and resources right now by ignoring B.1.1.721:20
BrainstormNew from StatNews: AstraZeneca and the very good, then quite bad, then deeply confusing week: Who's to blame for the AstraZeneca vaccine scandal? Can boldness backfire for pharma CEOs? And is the U.S.-U.K. special relationship on the rocks? Find out on the latest episode of… → https://is.gd/WLCFgq21:31
BrainstormNew from Shane Crotty: @profshanecrotty: R to @profshanecrotty: 12:23​ If I’ve had COVID-19, shouldn’t my vaccine dose go to someone else?14:02​ Is natural immunity always better than a vaccine?20:05​ If you’ve had COVID-19, when should you get vaccinated? 2-doses?22:07​ How are variants “game changers” for vaccines and natural infections? → https://is.gd/Y4fUqx22:03
rpifande-facto, merkel and the cdu are done22:06
rpifanits the death of them22:06
rpifanwhat i dont understand22:06
rpifanis why she has to apologize22:06
Arsaneritde-facto: Did UK and ROI close non-essential business & industry?22:14
blkshpyes, 3 months now.22:14
ArsaneritHmm, costly.22:15
blkshpAnd it wasn't for the first time.22:15
ArsaneritOr maybe less costly because the UK doesn't have much industry to begin with?22:15
blkshpWE MADE YOU ALL WHAT YOU ARE TODAY xD22:15
Arsaneriti.o.w. UK industry has been permanently closed since the Thatcher days?22:15
ArsaneritFor once it's an advantage the economy is all FIRE?22:15
de-factothere is a reason why UK does so well right now in terms of the pandemic22:16
blkshpCause we're awesome and selfish?22:16
de-factoi would rather think because UK does what needs to be done now22:17
ArsaneritIn Germany industry claims that closing manufacturing and such would permanently do huge damage to exports.22:17
de-factothey listen to their epidemiologists and modelers22:17
de-factowell wait for it, when industry has to close production facilities because incidence explodes22:18
de-factothen they will wish they had supported those that tried to prevent that22:18
de-factoits absolutely ridiculous we still dont have proper working place hygiene rules in Germany22:19
de-factoeveryone just does whatever they like, almost anarchy22:19
de-factowhy do we still have big shared office places where people wear no masks when sitting at their desks?22:20
ArsaneritI didn't know any European country had taken that step recently.22:21
de-factowhy do we have such office spaces at all?22:21
de-factowell look at EU countries incidence... yes it looks like all of them dont regulate the most important things to prevent transmission22:21
ArsaneritHow is it in the Republic of Ireland?22:22
Arsaneritde-facto: Do you have a good source to find out the actual restrictions such as "closing all industry" by country?22:23
de-factounfortunately not really22:24
de-factobut i havent really searched so maybe there is such a resource22:24
de-factoif you find a good one, i would be interested in that too22:24
ArsaneritFor the UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/further-businesses-and-premises-to-close/closing-certain-businesses-and-venues-in-england seems to cover mostly retail, hospitality, accommodation, personal care, tourism such as are also closed in Germany (at least partly).  I don't see much there about other types of industry such as offices, factories, construction, etc.22:28
de-factoi think LjL did have some sites that showed containment measures over time per country22:28
ArsaneritCan the "Tübingen model" be an alternative/complement to a properly hard lockdown?22:28
rpifanis that that city is now almost entirely open?22:28
ArsaneritThat's one of the cities where people with a negative antigen test get a day pass to enter establishments that would otherwise be closed.22:29
rpifanoh thats interesting22:29
rpifansounds fun22:29
rpifanidk if it would work in berlin tho22:29
ArsaneritMerkel (or was it Spahn?) said any city could implement it.22:30
rpifanspahn is a dummie22:30
ArsaneritIs he?22:30
rpifanafter all that has hapepend22:31
de-facto.title https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/handle/11303/12592.222:31
rpifanyea22:31
Brainstormde-facto: From depositonce.tu-berlin.de: DepositOnce: Covid-19 contagion via aerosol particles – comparative evaluation of indoor environments with respect to situational R-value22:31
Brainstormde-facto: From depositonce.tu-berlin.de: DepositOnce: Covid-19 contagion via aerosol particles – comparative evaluation of indoor environments with respect to situational R-value22:31
de-factoArsanerit, well now the B.1.1.7 got ~150% more reproduction, hence containment would have to account for that in being 150% as efficient to achieve results similar to the previous less contagious variant D614G22:32
ArsaneritI agree that offices and factories should close except for people with a negative rapid antigen test for the day.22:32
Arsaneritde-facto: I'm aware, and they should have done that months ago, but is it working in Tübingen?22:32
de-factoof course testing can make a difference, but it would have to be enforces absolutely strictly, e.g. each day and deny entry without prior negative test result22:33
de-factojust one super spreader (e.g. test denier) can infect tens of people in one day in the office for example22:33
ArsaneritAnd did the UK and ROI really close down all offices, factories, construction sites and such?  When I search for that on Google I get results from March 2020 only.22:34
rpifanwell in germany22:34
rpifanthey will never close offices22:34
rpifanthey are addicted to work22:34
rpifanthe dummies will protest22:34
rpifaneven if the govt gives them free money22:34
rpifanthere are ppl who dont like being on ALG I and i dont get it22:34
ArsaneritI think they're right to protest a fake lockdown that is strong enough to hurt business but not strong enough to break the pandemic.22:34
ArsaneritIt would seem to be the worst of both worlds.22:35
ArsaneritALG I only lasts a year in Germany.22:35
ArsaneritMy wife is on ALG I.  Normally the Arbeitsamt is supposed to pester the unemoplyed all the time about what they are doing, but they've only phoned her once in 5 months.22:36
de-factolook what they have done with easter lockdown, they violently attacked it instead of welcoming it and extending it for one or two weeks22:36
rpifanArsanerit, yea they are overworked now in the ALG office22:36
rpifanstill one year of ALG is a lot22:36
ArsaneritOf course they attacked it, a 1–5 day lockdown is useless.22:36
rpifaneven better im on 100 percent Kurzarbeit22:36
de-factonow pretty much nothing is left in terms of lockdown to contain B.1.1.7, hence incidence will go up now, i am expecting to see R~1.4 soon22:36
rpifanand then ill go into ALG I22:36
rpifanalmost 2 years of work free living22:36
rpifani dont seee why anyone would complain22:37
rpifanexcept the Germans22:37
rpifanthey jsut wanna keep working22:37
ArsaneritAfter ALG I comes ALG II, which is not a lot of money.22:37
rpifani heard ppl have been getting fat from not working, i on the other hand have lost almost 15kgs due to the lockdown22:37
ArsaneritAnd ALG II is means tested I think, so many people just get nothing.22:37
rpifanidk my roommate is on ALG II22:37
ArsaneritThere hasn't been any lockdown in Germany afaik.22:37
rpifanand i dont think its been tested22:37
ArsaneritExcept partly at night only.22:38
rpifanin bayern22:38
blkshpFeel free to not have the vaccine more for us :P22:38
ArsaneritThe proposal to close the shorts on Easter Thursday & Saturday was frankly stupid as it would lead to super busy shops on Wednesday and the following Tuesday.22:38
de-factothis is the most critical phase of the pandemic, the mutants are spreading when traveling is allowed and incidence tolerated to explore with accelerating exponential growth. later we will have less incidence and more vaccinated, so hopefully much less problems with breeding mutants etc22:38
rpifanArsanerit, yea when i read it in the german original i thought it was just my language failing me22:38
rpifancause what it said didnt make any sense22:38
de-factobut right now they mess up everything with their stupid compromises and tolerance of opposition to containment22:39
de-factohence we dont deserve anything but the worst outcome, because right now, we are asking for it.22:39
Arsaneritrpifan: I'd blame a 15 hour telecon lasting until deep in the night for brain fog on side of senior politicians, maybe agreeing to silly stuff just because they wanted to go to bed...?22:39
Arsaneritde-facto: What compromise?  afaik the only thing they decided was reversed?22:39
rpifanyea maybe22:39
ArsaneritMeaning they decided nothing at all?22:40
rpifanidk22:40
rpifanbut im just tired of the govt fucking up22:40
rpifanppl dont really realize it22:40
rpifanbut DE ahs fucked up since day one22:40
rpifanthey only got lucky on the first wave22:40
rpifantahts it22:40
ArsaneritDE had the advantage of having a bit more hospital capacity than others.22:40
ArsaneritWhy is Germany testing so little?22:41
de-factoall compromises that weaken necessary containment (e.g. the agreed upon emergency break) with economy lobbyist groups proving their stupidity with thinking everything will magically just be better when we have less containment hence more pathogen spread22:42
rpifandrohsten said to lock down 2 additional weeks last year22:42
rpifanand no one listened to him22:42
de-factoevery single little compromise, without any exception, works in *favor* of pathogen spread22:42
Arsanerithttps://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/styles/is_full/public/images/2021w11_COVID19_EU_EEA_National_Testing_Rate.png22:42
de-factoand everything that works in favor of pathogen spread works against economy, very very efficiently as we know by observing what happened last year22:43
ArsaneritAre Germany's cases really lower than its neighbours, or does it just seem that way because they're testing less?22:43
rpifanidk22:44
de-factothats hard to estimate because as you said it depends on testing and targeting22:44
rpifani honestly feel like spain is doing better now22:44
de-factomaybe hospitalizations and fatalities can give a more clear pic?22:44
de-factoper capita ofc22:45
BrainstormNew from Medical Xpress: Pfizer begins COVID vaccine trial in young children: Pfizer said Thursday it had begun clinical trials for its COVID vaccine in children under the age of eleven, an early sign of the next stage of the global immunization campaign. → https://is.gd/mtyk1822:45
ArsaneritAustria has a test positivity rate of ~1%, Denmark 0.3%, Germany 6.6%.22:45
ArsaneritOr maybe other countries include rapid antigen tests in their test rates, which Germany doesn't?22:46
de-factowe need to do much much more testing and have bulletproof hygiene concepts in companies etc22:46
ArsaneritOf course if you do a million rapid antigen tests per day, then do a PCR test only on the ones who have positive rapid antigen tests, then the positive test rate measured on PCR tests only will go very high.22:46
de-factobut that requires absolutely zero-tolerance, if someone does not participate in that, the direct consequence should be that loosing the job immediately should be mandatory22:47
de-factoand loosing all privileges such as social care etc22:47
ArsaneritWould that hold in court?22:47
de-factoof course not22:47
rpifanthe problem is you can force ppl22:47
rpifanespecially not in Germany22:47
rpifanwith the nazi past22:48
rpifanand the DDR past22:48
rpifanspain and france have some more leeway22:48
rpifanbut Germany22:48
rpifanno way22:48
de-factowe need for force people becasue most seem to be just too stupid and stubborn22:48
rpifanyou cant22:48
de-factoyeah in Germany we cant even have two additional public holidays, because lawyers directly attack that22:49
de-factobasically the government is unable to act right now22:49
de-factohaving an incapacitated government in a crisis of national, well international magnitude is the worst thing imaginable22:50
rpifanwhy cant we have more holidays?22:50
de-factobut hey, we have happy little covidiots and querdenkers demonstrating, great.22:52
ArsaneritCourts will measure the proportionality of a measure, effect vs. cost, and two additional holidays have no positive effect at all (may even be counterproductive) so that would be reasonable to shut down.22:53
de-factoyeah except courts have no clue about epidemiology22:53
ArsaneritGerman constitution was designed after WW II to prevent the central government from being too powerful.  It is not suitable for a crisis situation like today.22:53
de-factonor about incubation times22:53
rpifanyea22:54
de-factothey require tests before entering flights22:54
de-factoLOL22:54
rpifanwell it was designed by the americans22:54
Arsaneritde-facto: maybe they don't, but the proposed easter lockdown isn't effective22:54
rpifanbut what is the answer then de-facto22:54
de-factoso courts see having a test before flight and mandatory quarantine after having arrived as epidemiological equivalent? thence they require that quarantine must be exchanged for one stupid little quicktest before (or after) the flight?22:55
rpifani think its fine and a good idea to get before flgiht testing22:55
de-factoto me that demonstrates that courts can NOT be trusted in such questions at all22:55
ArsaneritAre rapid antigen tests stupid?22:55
ArsaneritDoesn't mandatory quarantine after arrival still apply?22:56
de-factocourts should not be able to rule such decisions, this opportunity should be taken from them22:56
de-factoArsanerit, good point with the design of constitution22:56
ArsaneritThe governments of most/all Länder have no clue about epidemiology either.  I suspect Merkel understands it well enough, but she can't force her policy to the Länder.22:56
de-factoof course antigen tests are better than no test, but since their sensitivity is too low to guarantee absence of infection they can NOT replace or shorten quarantine time22:57
de-factolook at how China, or NZ does that, they requite quarantine and it works for them22:58
de-factolook at what we do here, nothing works at all22:58
rpifanbut we cant do that22:58
rpifanlook at Spain22:58
rpifanit works for them22:58
rpifanwe should copy that model22:58
Arsaneritde-facto: But the quarantine time still applies, doesn't it?22:58
ArsaneritWhat works for Spain?22:58
de-factoso such lovely courts and lawyers should not be able to interfere with necessary containment, government should be able to act in favor of preventing damage to the people and economy22:59
rpifanthey are doing the curfews22:59
rpifanbut with most stores adn stuff open22:59
de-factobut obviously the opposite is that case22:59
ArsaneritI don't think "courts should not be able to interfere" works under rule of law.23:00
de-factoArsanerit, i dont think quarantine applies, because tourism lobbyist fear that e.g. travelers would not fly to Mallorce if it means 14 days quarantine on return23:00
Arsaneritde-facto: But for Mallorca it didn't apply before the new testing rule either, it only applied to RKI risk areas.23:00
ArsaneritThe new testing rule is in addition of nothing at all, afaik it doesn't replace any quarantine.23:01
de-factowell result being, one can not go for holidays *in* Germany, but one can do big Corona-Party with other international tourists in Mallorca and get the newest updates for the Mutants, and antigen tests are not enough to detect all of the infections on a plane23:01
rpifanits a mess23:01
rpifanwell maybe we should force ppl to only take trains23:01
blkshpheh, i've jsut been reminded of when "covid" was a typo23:01
rpifanoh hi blkshp23:02
rpifanhow r u23:02
Arsaneritde-facto: yes, I think many agree that this ist upid.23:02
Arsaneritblkshp: Why a typo?23:02
rpifanyou mean covfefe23:02
ArsaneritWas covfefe a typo for covid?23:03
blkshpNo, i remember sending out a report in March last year where it had been changed to "Corvid" without me knowing about it23:03
de-factoArsanerit, problem being those that dont agree will now fly to Mallorca and re-import the Mutants, just watch for them being seeded now during eastern23:03
de-factoif they are stupid or reckless enough to do that, they definitely will also behave like that here in Germany, hence spread those Mutants efficiently23:04
Arsaneritde-facto: I think we agree on that.23:04
de-factosuch things just should not be allowed23:04
ArsaneritI'm not sure why they didn't ban outgoing tourism completely, like the UK has.  It's not like a 95% drop or a 100% drop in outgoing tourism makes much of a difference for the tourism industry.23:04
de-factohow did B.1.1.7 come to Germany? where did B.1.351 come from? Why do we have even P.1 already here?23:05
de-factowhat did we learn from that?23:05
de-factoand where are the consequences from that?23:05
ArsaneritOr, to quote Monty Python Flying Circus: „Well I, I think that, er, nobody who has gone abroad should be allowed back in the country“23:05
rpifande-facto, mutations not mutants23:07
rpifanmutants are the X Men23:07
LjL...23:07
LjLmutants are called that way because they have mutations23:07
LjLmutant is a perfectly correct technical term23:08
LjLthe fact it was borrowed for fictional characters doesn't take away from that23:08
rpifanwell but we normally says mutations23:08
LjLno23:08
LjLthey are different thing23:08
LjLa mutant is an organism exhibiting mutations23:08
rpifanan X Man23:08
ArsaneritIs a virus an organism?23:09
de-factoSARS-CoV-VoC B.1.1.7 got many point mutations in comparison with the D614G variant23:09
LjLArsanerit, arguably not perhaps, but i don't think that's a good reason to bar it from use of the word mutants to express variants with mutations23:10
LjL"Scientific opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of life or organic structures that interact with living organisms.[11] They have been described as "organisms at the edge of life",[10]"23:10
ArsaneritWhy do the variants have so many names?  B.1.1.7, 20I/501Y.V1, VOC-20DEC-01...23:10
de-factothe Variants of Concern have many mutations combined that have synergistic effects, one enabling the advantageous property of another etc23:11
LjLbecause there are different naming systems based on different features23:11
LjLB.1.1.7 is a Pango lineage23:11
LjL501Y.V1 and such refer to the particular location that mutated in the way that is considered most significant23:11
LjLthe ones with the date, well, obviously they are about when they were identified, and VOC or VOI stand for variant of concerns and variant of interest23:12
ArsaneritOk.23:12
LjLall these naming systems have reasonable enough reasons to exist23:12
ArsaneritThe pango naming system is relatively new?23:12
LjLprobably, i'm not sure23:12
de-facto.title https://covariants.org/23:13
Brainstormde-facto: From covariants.org: CoVariants23:13
rpifanwell23:13
rpifaneven HIV has many variants23:13
rpifanyou usually get a special test before you start medication23:13
de-facto.title https://outbreak.info/23:13
rpifanthat shsows you which variant you are infected with23:13
ArsaneritWith the name PANGOLIN it would seem to be newer than the virus, but I'd have thought that systematic naming systems should have existed as long as virology has.23:13
rpifanto plan what meds you can take23:13
LjLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_Assignment_of_Named_Global_Outbreak_Lineages23:13
de-factotitle https://cov-lineages.org/23:13
de-facto.title https://cov-lineages.org/23:13
LjLit is recent23:13
Elementoshi[m]for a moment i thought that said LineageOS23:13
rpifanlol23:14
de-facto.title https://nextstrain.org/ncov/global23:14
de-factoetc bb23:14
Elementoshi[m]i use LineageOS btw23:14
de-factome too23:14
ArsaneritDo all variants get Pango names or only the variants of concern?23:14
Elementoshi[m]ah cool23:14
Brainstormde-facto: From outbreak.info: outbreak.info23:14
Elementoshi[m]i wish i had bought a phone for GrapheneOS instead though23:14
LjLArsanerit, those systems are probably ad-hoc for the virus. influenza have names like H5N1 for the strains, but aside from influenza, i guess with many viruses we don't often follow their "lineage" at the level of detail we're doing with SARS-COV-223:14
LjLArsanerit, not just the ones of concern, but at the same time i don't think *all* variants can get named (variants are potentially... very many), so while i'm not sure about the details i guess they've tried to devise a system that lets you see at a glance what the lineage of a given variant is (i.e. is it a sub-variant of a previous variant) while covering all the ones that "matter" in a very wide sense23:16
ArsaneritOk.23:17
Elementoshi[m]Why is COVID-19's lineage important?23:17
LjLbecause we need to follow mutations and track variants because they may have very real effects on how the disease behaves on us23:17
LjLlineage B.1.351 for instance mostly escapes vaccines23:18
LjLand lineage B.1.1.7 is both more contagious and more severe23:18
Elementoshi[m]Oh cool23:18
LjLi guess you could call it cool, from a purely scientific viewpoint ;(23:18
Elementoshi[m]Heaven forbid those lineages combine somehow23:19
* Elementoshi[m] shivers23:19
de-factothey do23:19
LjLthey do all the time yeah23:19
Elementoshi[m]Yes, cool as in science, not cool for sick people :/23:19
LjLand i think B.1.1.7 has already developed (independently?) the E484K mutation that is the main contributor to making B.1.351 so nasty23:19
de-factoyes and P.1 in Brazil23:20
LjLi don't know if it developed it in parallel, or they intermingled23:20
Elementoshi[m]It's cool that we're figuring stuff like that about covid and trying to figure out what to do about it though23:20
LjLElementoshi[m], yeah it would be even nicer if we actually did it23:20
rpifanso what is your plan de-facto23:20
ArsaneritHow is the USA bringing cases down?  Lockdowns, vaccines, rapid antigen tests?23:20
de-factobut how to know if it really was convergent evolution leading independently to the evasive E484K mutation or if it originated from a recombinaiton event?23:21
LjLde-facto, i suppose a recombination event would show more "traces" of the other variant than just E484K alone23:21
rpifanmost just massive vaccines23:21
ArsaneritMy father was given a vaccination appointment (two) today.23:21
de-factolike from a traveler importing it from overseas and them both viruses recombining their advantageous mutations in a cell23:21
de-factohehe i think there might have been lost a virologist on our LjL after all :)23:22
de-factomakes sense :D23:22
LjL:P23:22
LjLi'm too scared of this stuff to work on it though23:22
LjLobsession is different from genuine interest23:23
ArsaneritHow do people keep track of the covid-19 scientific literature with so many papers published, and what % of papers are useless crap?23:23
LjLthey don't :P23:23
LjLbut23:23
LjLsomething i recently stumbled upon23:23
LjLArsanerit, http://covidlit.spectrumhealth.org/#about23:23
Elementoshi[m]<LjL "copenhagen_bram, yeah it would b"> Maybe someday we'll be able to fight viruses by engineering bacteriophages that are just as capable of being contagious and evolving23:24
LjLthis takes the papers indexed by LitCovid, which are already just a fraction of all the scientific research on it (i think they only list published papers, not preprints) and uses a bunch of random scientists to "score" those papers for potential interest23:24
Elementoshi[m]> <@freenode_LjL:matrix.org> copenhagen_bram, yeah it would be even nicer if we actually did it23:24
Elementoshi[m] * Maybe someday we'll be able to fight viruses by engineering bacteriophages that are also capable of mutating23:24
LjLElementoshi[m], wouldn't you be fighting bacteria that way?23:25
de-factoElementoshi[m], there is bacteriophage therapy in combination with antibiotics against multi-resistant bacteria strains23:26
LjLcool23:27
LjLantibiotic resistance is scary23:27
LjLespecially after i saw a map of Europe showing that Italy and Greece are by far the worst at it23:27
LjLlike, BY FAR23:27
LjL(or was it Italy and Spain?)23:27
Elementoshi[m]<de-facto "copenhagen_bram, there is bacter"> Oh you're right I got it backwards23:27
ArsaneritLjL: thanks23:28
Elementoshi[m]So is there a bacteria that eats viruses or something?23:28
Elementoshi[m]Would that be a virophage?23:28
de-factoit puts evolutionary pressure onto that strain from both sides, so the strain being in the antibiotic resistance maximum is vulnerable to the infection by the bacteriophage and the one resistant to the phage is vulnerable to the antibiotic IF both of those are targeting the same biological mechanism on the bacterium (e.g. phage infection and antibiotic entry etc)23:28
ArsaneritI suppose there is a good reason why we can't design a symptomless version of coronavirus that transmits and triggers an immune response.23:29
ArsaneritTo speed up the vaccinations so to say.23:29
LjLde-facto, https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Documents/antibiotic-resistance-in-EU-summary.pdf   look at the lovely maps, and thank us for being so damned good at breeding damned "good" bacteria23:29
de-factoRussia was experimenting with that for quite some time and now it became more popular again because of so many antibiotic resistant bacteria23:29
ArsaneritI mean, the virus is mutating and becoming worse, can't we make mutation that is mostly harmless but helps achieve herd immunity?23:30
ArsaneritProbably not of people would be doing it.23:30
de-factoArsanerit, yes i am advertising that idea for months already23:30
Elementoshi[m]<Arsanerit "I suppose there is a good reason"> For one reason, I Think immune responses are a major part of the symptoms. But maybe a version of corona that doesn't murder cells and cause lung damage, or something?23:30
de-factoand there are some concepts that are really cool23:30
de-factoeach amino acid can be encoded in different ways (codons) and some are more optimized than others for certain scenarios23:31
Arsaneritde-facto: Ok, but I'm sure lot's of smart people who know a lot more about this than you and me think about it too, and it doesn't seem to be widely applied at the moment :)23:31
LjLArsanerit, i've proposed that before... i've been yelled at because that can be incredibly dangerous. but at the same time, i kinda feel that the mutation party in Brazil and other places is being incredibly dangerous itself, so...23:31
de-factoit means there are different ways to express the same protein in a RNA or DNA sequence23:31
ArsaneritI wonder how much those UK scientists wanting to inject people with SARS-CoV-2 are paying.23:33
de-factofor example the vaccines encoding the s-protein as antigen of SARS-CoV-2 have those sequences codon-optimized, hence they get more often and faster translated in human cells and the RNA can sneak under the radar of the immune system23:33
LjLArsanerit, the thing is you'd need to engineer a version of the virus that is much more transmissible than current versions, because for it to work, you need it to prevail over the other variants. it's not too easy to make it very infectious but at the same time not serious at all (to the virus, that may be the best situation, but at the same time, reproducing a lot in a host helps it be more infectious but also makes it disrupt the host more)23:33
LjLso it's both tricky and dangerous23:33
ArsaneritLjL: I see.23:33
LjLbut i'm not sure i'd rule it out as a strategy "if done carefully"23:33
de-factobut alto the opposite is possible: codon-DEOPTIMIZATION hence making translation of RNA *less* efficient23:33
de-factoso why not encoding the full SARS-CoV-2 in a suboptimal way, with de-optimnized codons in order to make its translation much slower and less efficient in cells?23:34
LjLElementoshi[m], but the immune response doesn't *need* to be detrimental to the point of endangering the host. vaccines, so far, haven't been shown to produce such a devastating response. so i guess potentially you could engineer a virus that only generates enough immune response to give you immunity, but without the autoimmune madness23:34
de-factoit still would result in the same virion, but with a different (de-optimized) RNA sequence inside23:34
de-factothat would be attenuated live SARS-CoV-2, so maybe one could spray that into the nose or such for provoking an immune response23:35
LjLde-facto, but then how do you also make it more infectious? if it's less infectious than other variants, it'll die out23:35
LjLde-facto, well if you don't want to make it infectious, but simply an attenuated vaccine, i bet there are safer ways to make sure it's actually attenuated23:36
de-factobut because it replicates so slow, the immune system would have a very good chance to kill it off in time and at the same time aquire immunity against the wild (non-de-optimized) type too23:36
de-factoLjL, yes but gain of function research is VERY dangerous imho: what if there is a recombination of the super-transmissible (but harmless) variant and the wild type (less transmissible) but more dangerous variant?23:37
LjLyes, i understand it's dangerous23:37
LjLbut we're having very dangerous recombination of already quite dangerous variants already23:37
LjLhow much worse can we make it?23:37
LjL(famous last words)23:37
de-facto.title https://www.biospace.com/article/meissa-s-nasal-covid-19-vaccine-uses-codon-deoptimization-for-stronger-responses-/23:38
Brainstormde-facto: From www.biospace.com: Meissa’s Nasal COVID-19 Vaccine Uses Codon Deoptimization for Stronger Responses | BioSpace23:38
ArsaneritWe could mix HIV, SARS-CoV-2, and ebola.23:39
de-factoLjL, gain of function research with a virus that does recombination is unethical imho23:39
de-facto.title https://codagenix.com/23:40
Brainstormde-facto: From codagenix.com: Codagenix Home23:40
LjLde-facto, i'm pretty sure history will eventually tell us that gain of function research is what gave us SARS-COV-2 to begin with23:40
LjLbut meanwhile, we have it23:40
de-facto.title https://www.indimmune.com/23:40
Brainstormde-facto: From www.indimmune.com: Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL) | Leading Animal & Human Vaccine Manufacturer - IIL23:40
Elementoshi[m]<Arsanerit "We could mix HIV, SARS-CoV-2, an"> Covibolaids?23:41
LjLi'm not entirely sure why attenuated and inactivated vaccines are only being pursued as very secondary strategies for SARS-COV-2, and the big companies immediately went ahead and bet on mRNA and similar23:41
LjLi'm not saying there wasn't a good reason, but even now, i don't really know what that reason is23:42
LjLinactivated vaccines are very common and they... tend to work, i guess?23:42
de-factoLjL, at least its astonishing that SARS-CoV-2 did replicate so well in human cells already, because after a zoonotic transmission event one would expect quite a number of mutations being selected in the evolution it optimizes for the different circumstances in the new host (human)23:42
LjLde-facto, yeah, and instead, it almost didn't change for a year. then it started changing a lot. ugh.23:43
LjLde-facto, to me no matter what the WHO says it's almost incredible to propose it *didn't* come out of a lab, but whatever23:43
de-factowell yea because now it replicates under immunologic pressure in human for the first time23:43
de-factoso where (and when) did it optimize for humans so well that it did not many mutations in the first few months23:44
LjLde-facto, i'm confused though. in Manaus there may have been immunologic pressure. but the variants started arising before there seemed to be so much pressure...? if anything, when antibody surveys showed high prevalence, it's the surveys that mostly seemed to be wrong (done with kits that gave high false positive rates)23:44
de-factoafaik D614G was the biggest change since Wuhan outbreak23:44
LjLanyway yeah, it was very well adapted to spread in humans to begin with23:44
LjLand that's "suspicious" to say the least23:45
de-factothats what i mean23:45
LjLinvolve pangolins if you want23:45
LjLbut labs can be pangolins sometimes23:45
de-factomaybe it went under the radar until it was optimized well enough in humans that it could cause problems that woudl get attention23:45
LjLmaybe23:45
LjLas i liked to say a lot, there are signs that it was around in Italy some months before awareness23:45
de-factobut then why does the phylogenetic tree look like it had a single origin (root)23:45
LjLbut the sequence seemed to mostly resemble the Wuhan one (the parts we know, anyway)23:46
LjLindeed23:46
de-factoor at least not much diversity before (hence very few cases)23:46
ArsaneritIt should not be surprising that politicians are unwilling to follow scientific advise and do what it takes.  We've seen that in the climate crisis for decades.23:46
LjLwell what we're saying now is basically that scientists may have created the issue :P23:47
de-factoArsanerit, and for the climate crisis we probably dont have a technical solution such as developent of vaccines23:47
de-facto(well i am not saying scientists created it in the lab, i am just saying what puzzles me about the evolution of it)23:47
LjLokay, i am saying it then23:48
LjLi'm not saying they did it to create a pandemic, of course23:48
de-factobut of course i cant exclude that either23:48
LjLbut we know that lab *was* working on bat coronaviruses, it's likely it *was* working on gain of function, and incidents happen23:48
LjLto me there's a lot of very strong circumstantial evidence23:48
de-factonormally one would expect that if it was created artificially that there would be "code chunks" of differences to its ancestors23:49
LjLi don't think it was created artificially, i imagine it was artificially made to evolve in cell cultures, or live animals, or stuff23:49
de-factolike when comparing the genetic differences and one would see a sharp edge in those differences for e specific sequence one would expect that sequence to be artificially inserted then23:50
LjLwe don't see the intermediate steps because they happened in a lab, but that doesn't have to mean artificial cut-and-paste of genes23:50
de-factobut for SARS-CoV-2 it looks like there are many mutations, randomly distributed over the whole genome, hence probably accumulated over long time and somewhat evenly distributed (or at least in some natural pattern)23:51
LjLi also tend to point out, although i've had people tell me i'm really veering towards the conspirational there, that it's not in most virologists' best interest to cry out loud "IT CAME FROM A LAB!", because if that were established, there would be some serious consideration over the need to close such labs. and virologists kinda work in them.23:51
LjLde-facto, a "natural pattern" may happen artificially if you simply set the conditions for natural evolution to happen faster in your cell/animal cultures23:52
de-factobut what if such mutations were occurring randomly (maybe with raised rate to safe time)  but their selection was due to "gain of function" in an optimal environment aiming for replication in human cells?23:52
LjLthat's what i'm saying23:52
de-factobasically bruteforcing, trial an error to settle in a local optimum23:52
LjLyou can use human-like cell cultures23:53
de-factoif it was allowed to do that (somehow, somewhere), prior to entering human body, why would one expect it to go on with drifting mutations, if it already is more or less in the extremum of optimization for those (immunoligocal naive) human hosts?23:54
de-factoonly if the environment where it replicates changes (e.g. different species, or different immune status due to recovery or vaccinations) one would expect the selection pressure "direction" to give rise to other types of mutations23:55
de-factoeven if those occur randomly at constant rate, now with shift in selection pressure other mutations would be selected to be advantageous, hence from outside perspective (only those would be visible) it would look like mutation rate changes (but in reality selection pressure shifted)23:56
de-factoagain not saying that was the case or that it was made in a lab23:59
Arsaneritgoodnight23:59

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